Mechanical loss
Mechanical loss is the mechanical energy that is consumed in
working machines by friction and factors other than the work
performed. The following mechanical losses occur in engines
before the indicated horsepower manifests at shaft ends of
engines.
(1) Wear resistance on pistons and cylinders
(2) Friction resistance on crankshafts, camshafts, and the many
other rotating shafts.
(3) Power required to drive auxiliary devices such as oil pumps,
water pumps, and generators, etc.
Therefore, the horsepower at the ends of the output shafts that
can actually be used as engine power output is less than the
indicated horsepower.
This usable horsepower is referred to as net horsepower, shaft
horsepower, or brake horsepower.
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